Covariance and Contravariance

In PHP 7.2.0, partial contravariance was introduced by removing type restrictions on parameters in a child method. As of PHP 7.4.0, full covariance and contravariance support was added.

Covariance allows a child's method to return a more specific type than the return type of its parent's method. Contravariance allows a parameter type to be less specific in a child method, than that of its parent.

A type declaration is considered more specific in the following case:

A type class is considered less specific if the opposite is true.

A type is removed from a union type
A type is added to an intersection type
A class type is changed to a child class type
is changed to or iterable``array``Traversable

Covariance

To illustrate how covariance works, a simple abstract parent class, is created. will be extended by children classes, , and . Animal``Animal``Cat``Dog

<?php

abstract class Animal
{
    protected string $name;

    public function __construct(string $name)
    {
        $this->name = $name;
    }

    abstract public function speak();
}

class Dog extends Animal
{
    public function speak()
    {
        echo $this->name . " barks";
    }
}

class Cat extends Animal 
{
    public function speak()
    {
        echo $this->name . " meows";
    }
}

Note that there aren't any methods which return values in this example. A few factories will be added which return a new object of class type , , or . Animal``Cat``Dog

<?php

interface AnimalShelter
{
    public function adopt(string $name): Animal;
}

class CatShelter implements AnimalShelter
{
    public function adopt(string $name): Cat // instead of returning class type Animal, it can return class type Cat
    {
        return new Cat($name);
    }
}

class DogShelter implements AnimalShelter
{
    public function adopt(string $name): Dog // instead of returning class type Animal, it can return class type Dog
    {
        return new Dog($name);
    }
}

$kitty = (new CatShelter)->adopt("Ricky");
$kitty->speak();
echo "\n";

$doggy = (new DogShelter)->adopt("Mavrick");
$doggy->speak();

Ricky meows
Mavrick barks

Contravariance

Continuing with the previous example with the classes , , and , a class called and will be included, and a method is added to the
abstract class. Animal``Cat``Dog``Food``AnimalFood``eat(AnimalFood $food)``Animal

<?php

class Food {}

class AnimalFood extends Food {}

abstract class Animal
{
    protected string $name;

    public function __construct(string $name)
    {
        $this->name = $name;
    }

    public function eat(AnimalFood $food)
    {
        echo $this->name . " eats " . get_class($food);
    }
}

In order to see the behavior of contravariance, the method is overridden in the class to allow any type object. The class remains unchanged. eat``Dog``Food``Cat

<?php

class Dog extends Animal
{
    public function eat(Food $food) {
        echo $this->name . " eats " . get_class($food);
    }
}

The next example will show the behavior of contravariance.

<?php

$kitty = (new CatShelter)->adopt("Ricky");
$catFood = new AnimalFood();
$kitty->eat($catFood);
echo "\n";

$doggy = (new DogShelter)->adopt("Mavrick");
$banana = new Food();
$doggy->eat($banana);

Ricky eats AnimalFood
Mavrick eats Food

But what happens if  tries to  the
?

$kitty``eat``$banana

$kitty->eat($banana);

Fatal error: Uncaught TypeError: Argument 1 passed to Animal::eat() must be an instance of AnimalFood, instance of Food given

Property variance

By default, properties are neither covariant nor contravariant, hence invariant. That is, their type may not change in a child class at all. The reason for that is "get" operations must be covariant, and "set" operations must be contravariant. The only way for a property to satisfy both requirements is to be invariant.

As of PHP 8.4.0, with the addition of abstract properties (on an interface or abstract class) and , it is possible to declare a property that has only a get or set operation. As a result, abstract properties or virtual properties that have only a "get" operation required may be covariant. Similarly, an abstract property or virtual property that has only a "set" operation required may be contravariant. virtual properties

Once a property has both a get and set operation, however, it is no longer covariant or contravariant for further extension. That is, it is now invariant.

Voorbeeld: Property type variance

<?php
class Animal {}
class Dog extends Animal {}
class Poodle extends Dog {}

interface PetOwner
{
    // Only a get operation is required, so this may be covariant.
    public Animal $pet { get; }
}

class DogOwner implements PetOwner
{
    // This may be a more restrictive type since the "get" side
    // still returns an Animal.  However, as a native property
    // children of this class may not change the type anymore.
    public Dog $pet;
}

class PoodleOwner extends DogOwner
{
    // This is NOT ALLOWED, because DogOwner::$pet has both
    // get and set operations defined and required.
    public Poodle $pet;
}
?>

Vorige ← Traits Volgende Visibility →

Covariance and Contravariance